What is stone in building| uses of stone in building

Stones

Stone is a solid non-metallic mineral matter, which has been used as a building material. Stones are nothing but cut pieces of rock, the hard material of the earth crust exposed on the earth or under the soil

uses of stone

1. stones are extensively used for the construction of foundation, walls, columns, and arches in building.

2. they are ideally suited for the construction of retaining walls, forts, piers of bridges and dams.

3 Polished granite and marble are used for the face work og important buildings.

face work: the material that is used for outside or front side of building or wall.

4 stone slabs are used for flooring, damp-proof course, lintels, roofing, and pavers round the building, as well as for footpath.

5 Crushed stone are used as a inert material in concrete, for making artificial building blocks, such as railway ballast and to provide base course for road.

inert material in concrete is aggregates

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Classification or types of Stone Masonry

Classification of Stone Masonry These are two types and Rubble and Ashlar masonry are of the following types 1. Rubble Masonry In this type of masonry, stones of irregular sizes are used. The stones are obtained from quarry are taken to be used in the same form or are broken and shaped into suitable sizes by means of hammer as the work proceeds. The strength of rubble masonry depends upon 1. The quality of mortar 2. The proper filling of the mortar between the spaces of the stones. 3. The use of the long stones at frequent interval for proper bonding. a. Coursed rubble masonry In this type of rubble masonry the heights of stones vary from 20 to 50mm. This type of masonry is used for the construction of public and residential buildings. Also coursed rubble masonry divided into 3 types 1. Coursed rubble masonry I sort: In this type stones of the same height are used and the courses are the same heights. The thickness of the mortar joint does not exceed 10mm. 2. Coursed rubble mason

Terms commonly used in chain surveying and reconnaissance survey and index sketch

Terms commonly used in surveying 1. Frame work: The system of lines or triangle covering the area to the surveyed is called frame work. such as A, B, C, D, E and G. 2. Survey stations: The ends of a chain line denotes survey stations. Mainly two types of survey station 1 Main survey station 2 Subsidiary or tie station 1. Main station Main station is a point in chain survey where the two sides of a traverse or triangle meet.These stations commands the boundaries of the survey and are designated by capital letters such as A, B, C and D. 2. Subsidiary or tie station Tie station is a station on a survey line joining two main station. These are helpful the interior details of the area to be surveyed. and are designated by small letters such as a, b, c etc. Main survey line The chain line joining two main survey stations is called main survey line. AB and Bc is an example of main survey line. Tie line or subsidiary line A chain line joining two tie stations is called the tie line such as ab

What is floor and different types of floor, 1st, 2nd floors, basement, basement floor.

Floors Floors are provided to divide a building into different levels for creating more accomodation one above the other within a certain limited space. The bottom floor near the ground is known as the ground floor and the others floor above it are termed as upper floors , like first floor and second floor. If there is any accomodation constructed below the natural ground level, it is nown as basement and the floor provided in it is known as the basement floor. A floor may consits of two main components a. A sub-floor that provides proper support to the floor covering and the superimposed loads carried on it. b. A floor covering which provides a smooth, clean, impervious and durable surface.

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