What is window for civil engineering, architecture

Window

A window is defined as an opening in a wall of a building to serve one or more of the function like natural light, natural ventilation and vision

Location Of a Window

1. The location number and size of window are decided considering various factor like desired daylight, vision, ventilation and heat loss.

2. Window should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration of the room and views of building owner.

3. The sill of a window should be located at a height of 0.75- 1 m above the floor level. However when windows exposed to public places like shopping centres and theaters are located at a higher level say about 2m. This essential for achieving privacy in building on the ground level.

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Classification or types of Stone Masonry

Classification of Stone Masonry These are two types and Rubble and Ashlar masonry are of the following types 1. Rubble Masonry In this type of masonry, stones of irregular sizes are used. The stones are obtained from quarry are taken to be used in the same form or are broken and shaped into suitable sizes by means of hammer as the work proceeds. The strength of rubble masonry depends upon 1. The quality of mortar 2. The proper filling of the mortar between the spaces of the stones. 3. The use of the long stones at frequent interval for proper bonding. a. Coursed rubble masonry In this type of rubble masonry the heights of stones vary from 20 to 50mm. This type of masonry is used for the construction of public and residential buildings. Also coursed rubble masonry divided into 3 types 1. Coursed rubble masonry I sort: In this type stones of the same height are used and the courses are the same heights. The thickness of the mortar joint does not exceed 10mm. 2. Coursed rubble mason

Terms commonly used in chain surveying and reconnaissance survey and index sketch

Terms commonly used in surveying 1. Frame work: The system of lines or triangle covering the area to the surveyed is called frame work. such as A, B, C, D, E and G. 2. Survey stations: The ends of a chain line denotes survey stations. Mainly two types of survey station 1 Main survey station 2 Subsidiary or tie station 1. Main station Main station is a point in chain survey where the two sides of a traverse or triangle meet.These stations commands the boundaries of the survey and are designated by capital letters such as A, B, C and D. 2. Subsidiary or tie station Tie station is a station on a survey line joining two main station. These are helpful the interior details of the area to be surveyed. and are designated by small letters such as a, b, c etc. Main survey line The chain line joining two main survey stations is called main survey line. AB and Bc is an example of main survey line. Tie line or subsidiary line A chain line joining two tie stations is called the tie line such as ab

What is floor and different types of floor, 1st, 2nd floors, basement, basement floor.

Floors Floors are provided to divide a building into different levels for creating more accomodation one above the other within a certain limited space. The bottom floor near the ground is known as the ground floor and the others floor above it are termed as upper floors , like first floor and second floor. If there is any accomodation constructed below the natural ground level, it is nown as basement and the floor provided in it is known as the basement floor. A floor may consits of two main components a. A sub-floor that provides proper support to the floor covering and the superimposed loads carried on it. b. A floor covering which provides a smooth, clean, impervious and durable surface.

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