sbrllanceedu

 PRINCIPLE OF SURVEYING 1. To work from whole to the part 2. To locate a new station by at least two measurements(linear or angular) from fixed reference point. According to the first principle The whole area is first enclosed by main stations(i.e.controlling station) and main survey lines(i.e.controlling lines). The area is then divided into number of parts by forming well conditional triangle . A nearly equilateral triangle considered the best well considered triangle. The main survey lines are measured very accurately with a standard chain. Then the sides of the triangle are measured.  PURPOSE :  The purpose of this process of working is to prevent accumulation of error .  According to the second principle The new stations should always be fixed by at least two measurements (linear or angular) from fixed reference point.  Linear measurement refer to horizontal distance measured by chain or tape. Angular measurements refers to a magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prisma

                                                Surveying   Surveying is the art of determining the relative position of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring the horizontal distance between them and by preparing a map to any suitable scale. Thus in this discipline the measurements are taken only in the horizontal plane.   Objects of surveying 1.The aim of surveying to show a relative position of different objects on the surface of the earth. The map is drawn to some suitable scale.   2. It shows the natural features of a country. such as town, villages, roads, railway, rivers etc. 3. Map may also include details of different engineering works such as roads, irrigation canal, railway etc. 4. To determine the boundries of the country . Classification of surveying 1 Primary classification:  Surveying is primarily classified as under a. Plane surveying:  We know that the shape of earth is spheroidal. Thus the surface of the earth obviously curved. In plane surveying t

                 Types of Foundation Two types of foundation 1. Shallow foundation 2. Deep foundation Before the types of foundation first known about What is footing? T he term footing is commonly used in conjunction with shallow. A footing is a foundation unit constructed in brick work, masonry or concrete under the base of wall or column for the purpose of distributing the load over a large area . shallow Foundation A foundation is shallow if its depth is equal to or less than its width.   A shallow foundation is also known as open foundation.  Since such foundation is constructed by open excavation.  Hence those foundation, Which have depth even greater than its width but are constructed by a way of open excavation also come under "shallow foundation". A shallow foundation is placed immediately below the lower part of the super-structure supported by it. Types of shallow foundation 1 . Spread footing          2. Combined footing 3. Strap footing           4. Mat footing

FOUNDATION   Any load   on a building ultimately gets transferred to the soil. The lowest load-bearing part of a building, usually located below the ground level. Which transferred the building load to the soil is termed as foundation. Function of foundation The foundation of a building performs a number of vital function. These include bearing the load of a building, anchoring it against natural forces such as earthquake and wind and isolating the building from ground moisture. The main function: 1.Distribution of load 2. Providing stability 3.Providing level surface 4.Safety against undermining 5.Prevention of soil movement  6.Minimizing unequal settlement Requirements of foundation 1. Settlement of foundation should not exceed the permissible value. 2.The foundation should not be rigid enough to bring down differential settlement. 3.No part of a foundation is subjected to stresses beyond permissible value for any one or any possible combination of load. 4.The foundation pressure sho