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 Stones Stone is a solid non-metallic mineral matter , which has been used as a building material. Stones are nothing but cut pieces of rock, the hard material of the earth crust exposed on the earth or under the soil uses of stone 1. stones are extensively used for the construction of foundation, walls, columns, and arches in building. 2. they are ideally suited for the construction of retaining walls, forts, piers of bridges and dams. 3 Polished granite and marble are used for the face work og important buildings. face work: the material that is used for outside or front side of building or wall. 4  stone slabs are used for flooring, damp-proof course, lintels, roofing, and pavers round the building, as well as for footpath. 5  Crushed stone are used as a inert material in concrete, for making artificial building blocks, such as railway ballast and to provide base course for road. inert material in concrete is aggregates

 Floors Floors are provided to divide a building into different levels for creating more accomodation one above the other within a certain limited space.  The bottom floor near the ground is known as the ground floor and the others floor above it are termed as upper floors , like first floor and second floor.  If there is any accomodation constructed below the natural ground level, it is nown as basement and the floor provided in it is known as the basement floor.  A floor may consits of two main components  a. A sub-floor that provides proper support to the floor covering and the superimposed loads carried on it. b. A floor covering which provides a smooth, clean, impervious and durable surface.

Types Of Stairs  Generally Stairs are of the following type 1. Straight stairs These are the stairs along which there is no  change in direction of any flight between two successive floors. The straight stairs can be  a. Straight run with a single flight between floors b. Straight run with a series of flights without change in direction. c. Parallel stairs d. Angle stairs e. Scissors stairs 2. Quarter turn stairs They are provided when the direction of flights is to be changed by 90°. The change in direction can be effected by either introducing a quarter-space landing or by providing winders at the junction. 3. Curved stairs These stairs when viewed from above, appear to follow a curve with two or more centres of curvature such as an ellipse. 4. Spiral stairs These stairs are similar to circular stairs except that the radius of curvature is small and the stairs may be supprted by a centre post. Overall diameter of such stairs may range from 1 to 2.5 m 5.Circular stairs These stairs

  Terms used in stairs 1. Tread It is an upper horizontal part of a step on which the foot is placed while ascending or descending a stairway. 2. Riser This is a vertical member between two treads. This provide support to the treads. 3. Nosing This is the outer projecting edge of a tread. This is generally made round to give an appearance that is more pleasing and makes the stairs easy to negotiate. 4. Newel post This is the vertical post placed at the top and bottom ends of flights supporting the handrails. 5. String or stringer This is a sloping member which supports the steps in stair. 6. Step This is portion of a stair which comprises the tread and riser. This permits ascending or descending from one floor to another. Step= Riser + Tread 7. Baluster It is avertical member supporting the handrail. The combined framework of handrail and baluster is known as blustrade. 8. Rise This is the vertical distance between the upper faces of any two consecutive steps. 9. Run This is a total le

➦  Classification of window 1. Fixed window➦ It is fixed in the wall and makes no provision for natural air circulation. 2. Double hung window ➦ In this types both sashes slide vertically  with the weight balanced by the sash weight, spiral spring or tape spring balances. Sashes: a frame holding the glass in a window. 3. Horizontal sliding window ➦ In this type either one or both sashes are arranged to slide horizontally. Sashes are sometimes suspended from rollers operating an overhead tracks. Heavy sashes are often provided  with nylon rollers at the bottom for ease in operation. 4. Casement window ➦ Any hinged window which may swing out or in like doors, is termed as casement window. These windows usually swings on extensions hings provided on the slide. There are out and in swing casement windows with two sashes. Extension hings are used to make the sash swing clear of the inside surface of the wall. 5. Folding window ➦ It is a form of out swinging, casement windows with the two sa

 Window A window is defined as an opening in a wall of a building to serve one or more of the function like natural light, natural ventilation and vision Location Of a Window 1. The location number and size of window are decided considering various factor like desired daylight, vision, ventilation and heat loss. 2. Window should be located by keeping in view the interior decoration of the room and views of building owner. 3. The sill of a window should be located at a height of 0.75- 1 m above the floor level. However when windows exposed to public places like shopping centres and theaters are located at a higher level say about 2m. This essential for achieving privacy in building on the ground level.

 Types of Doors? 1.Battened and Ledged Door This is the simplest form of door, which is frequently used for narrow opening. The use of this type of door is preffered where cost is the main factor rather than the strength and appearance.  This doors consits of vertical boards known as battens, which are secured by horizontal pieces known as ledges. Usually there are three ledges namely top ledge, middle ledge,lock and botton ledge. The outer edges of the ledges are generally chamfered. The bottom and middle ledges are sometimes wider than the top ledges. 2. Battend, Ledged and Braced Door This door is a modification over battend and ledged door which additional diagonal member called braces are provided to increase its rigidity and hence the strength. These braces act as a struts as they are made to incline upwards from the hanging edge. By doing so, the tendency of dropping at the nose, in the case of wider is prevented.Thus these types of doors  can be used for wider opening. Braces: